We examine this issue by relating the level of firms' voluntary strategy disclosure to (a) the cost of equity capital and (b) to bid ask spreads and trading volumes as complementary measures, which also relate to investor decision-making.
Prior to the main analyses, all variables were examined for normality by relating the level of skewness, and kurtosis to the standard deviation.
The Master SN curve (MSNC) method for predicting an SN curve for a given FOD based on the known SN curve for the reference FOD is used to predict the local SN curve of a SFRC component by relating the damage at the microscopic level to the macroscopic fatigue properties.
The desire-satisfaction view may render interpersonal comparisons empirically meaningful (by relating the interpersonally significant maximal and minimal levels of welfare for each individual to the attainment of his or her most and least preferred alternatives), but at the expense of running into problems of expensive tastes or adaptive preferences (Hausman 1995).
A dose response relationship is established by relating the exposure to a certain noise level to an end effect (such as hypertension or myocardial infarction) via a relative risk or odds ratio.
Antibody levels were quantitated by relating the absorbancies to that obtained from the positive control, an anti-HPV16 L1 antibody, (Camvir 1, Abcam, UK) run under standard conditions on every assay plate.
Levels of a particular mRNA are compared between different samples, by relating expression levels of the test gene to those of a control gene, the expression of which is constant between samples.
The list of differentially expressed genes (DEGs) exclusively expressed in blood (B30s and B180s) was obtained by relating RNA levels from the blood condition (B30, B180) and medium condition (M30, M180) to the initial 16 h liquid culture (pre).
We tested this hypothesis by relating leptin levels to the occurrence of CVD (including CHF) and death prospectively in a moderate-sized elderly community-based sample; we assessed specifically whether leptin levels offer incremental prognostic information over established risk factors and BMI.
We are interested in estimating the causal effect of the biologically effective dose of PFOA on kidney function, which we approximate by relating serum levels of PFOA (an imperfect marker of the biologically effective dose) to eGFR (an imperfect marker of kidney function), controlling for common causes of PFOA exposure and kidney disease that may confound the association.
