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Using ∼12,000 particles, we obtained a 3D map by refining the alignment of the two AAA+ rings only, but then including the whole molecule in the reconstruction, which was at ∼17 Å resolution.
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A tool for refining the alignment results, MatchedIonsFinder [ 1], is also available via KOMICS.
Figures 6 cd) show the results of refining the alignments from Figures 6 ab).
Nerve derived signals disperse prepatterned clusters that are not contacted by the nerve, and thus refine the alignment between the pre- and postsynaptic apparatus [6], [7], [8].
We just used our pairwise potential to refine the alignment generated by local alignment potential as follows.
We refine the alignment Ao by deleting columns containing more than 75% gaps to get a refined alignment A. 17 We will use this refined alignment throughout the rest of this subsection.
MatchedIonsFinder was used to refine the alignment results.
The refinement was led by inferring and using the clan AA phylogeny as a guide tree (the tree was inferred as many times we refined the alignment).
With the mapped paired-end reads, we further refined the alignments around the indel sites by using Genome Analysis Toolkit (GATK) software and discarded the putative polymerase chain reaction duplicates by using Picard software (http://picard.sourceforge.net/).net/
GATK6 was used to refine the alignments near insertion/deletion (indel) sites.
Rates of synonymous and nonsynonymous substitution were calculated by first identifying orthologs between bovine ET3-1 and other sequenced isolates by BLASTP, then refining the sequence alignments using CLUSTALW and calculating the rates by Nei and Gojobori's algorithm [28], [72], [73].
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