He substantiates this assertion by reference to the observable realities of political affairs and public life as well as by arguments revealing the self-interested nature of all human conduct.
Carnap argued that the observational statements by reference to which empirical statements can be tested may be construed as sentences describing directly and publicly observable aspects of physical objects, such as the needle of a measuring instrument turning to a particular point on the scale or a subject in a psychological test showing a change in pulse rate.
However, we have to acknowledge that uncertainties about observables cannot be adequately described and evaluated simply by reference to summarising probabilities.
Embarrassed by references to bodily functions?
The current paper tested the hypothesis that such deficits are the result of observable abnormalities in search behaviour (e.g., attention-onset, -duration and -sequencing), and therefore can be explained without reference to deficits in non-observable (i.e., cognitive) processes.
B. F. Skinner, in his 1957 book, "Verbal Behavior," had argued that language, like other behavior, could be described in physical, observable terms, without reference to thought or any other mental process.
Common evaluation topics, however, relate to board practices and director attributes that are observable either in real-time, over a three- or six-month period, or with reference to board agendas and minutes.
The lowest observable effect concentration with regard to biliary BaP metabolites (100 ng/L) was much lower than that with reference to EROD activity (1000 ng/L).
The early cladists regarded efforts at such identification as speculatively beyond empirical analysis of immediately observable traits, so their reference to a "recent common ancestor" remained only an empty placeholder.
For expository convenience, we refer to non-observable capital as capital supplied by the farmer and observable capital as capital supplied by the buyer.
These candidate translations, like all behavioristic statements, eschew reference to any internal states of the organism, and thus do not threaten to denote, or otherwise induce commitment to, properties or processes (directly) observable only by introspection.
