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The significance (at α ≤ 0.01) of the W statistic was evaluated by random permutation, with replacement, of trait values (n = 2000).
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The cutoff level was determined by random permutation of the time points of all [Ca2+]i peaks of each cell 2000 times with a time resolution of 5 sec.
Significance is assessed by comparing observed trait distributions with expected distributions simulated under a Brownian motion model or by random permutation of the original tip states.
Smouse and Ward (1978) extend to multiple hierarchical levels, with a unique three-level partition option and statistical testing by random permutation offered in GenAlEx 6.5.
Significance is obtained by random permutation testing.
Then, 105 samples were generated by random permutation of the PS values for this cluster set.
The significance of Tajima's D was tested by random permutation using 1,000 replicates in ARLEQUIN.
This is significantly more than expected by random permutation of the sample labels (p = 1.9 × 10-5).
Then 100,000 trees were generated by random permutation of apical branches.
Modularity values for the previously inferred FEMs were calculated and significance estimates obtained by random permutation (a total of 1000 permutations) of node statistics over the network.
Statistical differences among species diversities were assessed by random permutation tests (1000 permutations, using custom R CRAN scripts available from the first author).
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