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Central hemodynamics were assessed by pulse wave analysis.
Arterial stiffness was assessed by pulse wave analysis (SphygmoCor; AtCor Medical, Sydney, Australia).
Arterial stiffness was assessed by pulse wave analysis at the beginning and end of each intervention period.
Central (ascending aortic) BP and indices of arterial stiffness will be determined by pulse wave analysis using SphygmoCor version 6.1 software (AtCor Medical, Sydney, Australia).
Augmentation index (AIx), mean arterial pressure (MAP), central systolic blood pressure, central diastolic blood pressure and central pulse pressure were determined by pulse wave analysis.
Arterial stiffness of the aorta and its major branches can be evaluated by measuring Pulse Wave Velocity (PWV) – e.g. carotid-femoral Pulse Wave Velocity ("gold standard") [ 7] – or, alternatively, it can be estimated by Pulse Wave Analysis (PWA) at a peripheral site, usually the brachial artery [ 8- 11].
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SAE was assessed by pulse-wave analysis using tonometric recordings of the radial artery.
In a subpopulation of 408 patients, both arterial stiffness measured by pulse-wave analysis (PWA) and follow-up data were available.
Common carotid artery distensibility was calculated as the percentage change in the diameter divided by the central pulse pressure obtained by pulse-wave analysis.
Arterial stiffness will be assessed by carotid-femoral Pulse Wave Velocity (PWV) and by radial Pulse Wave Analysis (PWA, deriving both central pulse pressure and the augmentation of the central pulse waveform at the radial artery).
Aortic augmentation index and central BP were measured using applanation tonometry by radial pulse wave analysis, and peripheral BP was evaluated oscillometrically.
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