Also, as in the case of B cell receptor induced apoptosis, caspase-8 can induce apoptosis by processing the Bid protein into its truncated form that in turn can cause cytochrome c release from the mitochondria and consequently caspase-9 activation (Berard et al, 1999).
Apoptosis was analyzed by flow cytometry after staining the cells with 7-Amino-Actinomycin (7-AAD) and PE Annexin V. Immunoblot analysis was accomplished by processing the cells for protein extraction and Western blotting using specific antibodies against various proteins.
Although MMP-11 does not directly participate in the degradation of extracellular matrix, it is able to inactivate protease inhibitors, resulting in enhanced proteolytic activity [ 41] and controls cell proliferation by processing the insulin-like growth factor-binding protein-1 [ 42].
Protein identifications were obtained by processing the experimental data against the SwissProt bacteria subset database (Release 57.4, June 16 , 2009.
These molecules, which we group loosely with the catch-all term short silencing RNAs (ssRNAs) are generally of 21 25 nucleotides in length and are created from double-stranded precursors by processing with the protein Dicer.
Irrespective of the precise mechanism of the defensive action of CRISPR/Cas systems, there is a consensus that transcription of the CRISPR cassette initiates in or near the leader sequence followed by processing by the Cas proteins of the RNA precursor into fragments (crRNAs) corresponding to the interval of the repeats [ 24].
DCs respond to this invasion by processing viral proteins through MHC class I and II pathways and undergoing a maturation that enhances their presentation of antigen to T cells for induction of adaptive antiviral immunity.
For example, astacin (Additional file 4: Table S4, Figure 6) is a metalloprotease involved in cell adhesion and pattern formation by processing extracellular proteins [ 60].
However, the sort of mechanism described here might aid the displacement, movement, and rearrangement of SSB by processing proteins that are binding to ssDNA itself or translocating on ssDNA.
Analysis of the apidaecin cDNA sequence of the Western honeybee indicated that up to 12 apidaecin peptides can be generated by processing single precursor proteins [28].
