In DEEC, the cluster-heads are elected by a probability based on the ratio between residual energy of each node and the average energy of the network.
In each genotype group, the threshold is defined by median probability based on samples whose probability of belonging to another group is less than 0.5.
There is also simplicity in statistical inference by modeling the missing probability based on the categorical variables.
In particular, Bayes' rule opens the possibility of improving the estimation of the parameters of interest by including the prior probability, based on knowledge already available in this case, the association of CA with cancer risk.
LoFreq's approach of discriminating SNVs individually by inferring an error probability based on the quality score assigned to individual nucleotides clearly overcomes this problem, although at the expense of recall.
This issue was dealt with in a later publication by an expectation-maximisation (EM) algorithm that estimated those parameters by maximising a joint posterior probability based on the prior distribution of SNP effects, in a method called EmBayesB [ 31].
Beyond some threshold of innovational complexity, however, negative side-effects become only a possibility, rather than a high probability based on previous rejection by natural selection.
Everything depends on the initial assumption of probability based on clinical criteria that are under dispute.
Simple demographical information (number of breeding males and females), variance of progeny size, or evolution of identity by descent probabilities based on coancestry or inbreeding were used as well as identity by descent rate between two successive generations or individual identity by descent rate.
In this method, logistic regression can be used to relate disease status to an individual's haplotypes; where these are not known with certainty all haplotypes consistent with the genotypes are included as predictors, weighted by their probabilities (based on the estimated haplotype frequencies).
