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In human embryonic carcinoma cells, the MIE promoter of HCMV is activated by physiological levels of retinoic acid [44].
In another subtype of prostate cancer cells (e.g., PC-82 and CWR22), AR is expressed and has acquired a gain-of-function such that it no longer inhibits but now stimulates proliferation when activated by physiological levels of androgen [13].
KATP channels are inhibited by physiological levels of ATP and act as sensors of metabolic activity.
Consistent with this hypothesis, intracellular reactive oxygen species (ROS) in cell culture are reduced by physiological levels of urate [ 24].
This suggests that A1 and A2A may be the major ARs that are activated by physiological levels of extracellular adenosine within the CNS.
It is likely that the limiting reaction for acetone production is the one catalyzed by acetoacetate CoA transferase (ATOAD), because this enzyme is inhibited by physiological levels of its own product acetone and butanol [ 21].
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Effective EPIs could significantly improve antibiotic efficacy by raising physiological levels of an antibiotic and act synergistically by reducing bacterial efflux [ 22].
Importantly, these effects can be reversed by restoring physiological levels of H4K12 acetylation.
Such loss-of-function eliminates AR-mediated growth suppression normally induced by normal physiological levels of androgens, thus producing a selective growth advantage for these malignant cells in hormonally naïve patients.
However, matrix synthesis and chondrocyte (AC) proliferation are upregulated by the physiological levels of mechanical forces.
We next asked if inhibiting LRRK2 with GNE1023 decreased the stability of endogenous LRRK2 by analysing physiological levels of inhibited LRRK2 in human lung epithelial A549 cells.
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