These substances can be separated into their constituent compounds by physical methods, which are methods that do not change the way in which atoms are aggregated within the compounds.
Physical vapor deposition (PVD) processes generate the vapor from a solid source by physical methods and are generally conducted at lower temperatures, enabling the use of metallic substrate materials.
The outer sensory stimuli may be measured by physical methods, whereas psychology is given the corresponding "task of determining to what degree our immediate estimation [Schätzung] [of the strength of sensory stimuli] that we make aided by our sensations to what degree this estimation corresponds to or deviates from the stimuli's real strength" (PP I: 332-3).
Anthrax spores are not metabolically active, and they may be inactivated by physical methods (gamma irradiation, ultraviolet light, and high pressure) that are not safe for humans [ 71, 109].
A modification of this method is the stopped-flow technique, in which the reactants are forced rapidly into a reaction chamber; the flow is then suddenly stopped, and the amounts are measured by physical methods after various short times.
The phase composition of the synthesized catalysts, their morphology and surface structure were studied by physical methods for bulk and surface analysis, such as electron microprobe analysis (EMPA), X-ray diffraction (XRD), X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) and BET technique.
The chemical structures of the compounds were determined by physical methods IR, HNMR, CNMR and mass spectrometry.
Gaseous oxygen is measured by physical methods such as the paramagnetic, manometric and electrolytic methods.
