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The rules, based on the 90-percentile values of the drugs' property distributions, apply only to absorption by passive diffusion of compounds through cell membranes; compounds that are actively transported through cell membranes by transporter proteins are exceptions to the rule.
The transcellular pathway permits entry by passive diffusion of neutral lipophilic substances < 450 Da.
This effect determines chloride secretion in the intestinal lumen followed by passive diffusion of sodium and water [ 75].
Microdialysis allows sampling of the extracellular fluid by passive diffusion of substances over a semi-permeable membrane.
It was initially proposed that nuclear Ca2+ signaling would occur by passive diffusion of cytosolic Ca2+ across the nuclear envelope into the nucleoplasm.
The occurrence of IMH without MVO on the LGE images may also be caused by passive diffusion of contrast agent into the small infarct core, obscuring the presence of MVO on the LGE images [ 44].
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Calcein was delivered intracellularly, under whole−cell recording conditions, by passive diffusion out of a patch pipette filled with 125 μM of this dye.
Whereas lipophilic antineoplastic agents can enter cells by passive diffusion, uptake of charged hydrophilic agents, such as the anticancer compounds imatinib, cisplatin, oxaliplatin, picoplatin, irinotecan and paclitaxel, requires active transport.
The epithelial transfer of IgG1 appears to be more influenced by passive diffusion than that of IgA and IgM, since the relative IgG1 transfer increased from 0 h to PIH 4, along with increased epithelial permeability in the gland, in contrast to the transfer of IgA and IgM.
After crossing the cell membrane, intracellular distribution of chemicals proceeds chiefly by passive diffusion through the bilayers of organelles and of endoplasmic reticulum, although several transporter proteins are expressed in intracellular membranes and may affect the transport rates.
During absorption, distribution, and elimination, the majority of chemicals seem to enter and leave the majority of the cells through phospholipid bilayers of the membranes by passive diffusion, without the help of protein carriers, unless the chemicals are analogs of physiologic molecules with active or passive carrier-mediated transport.
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CEO of Professional Science Editing for Scientists @ prosciediting.com