In recovered patients, early and increasing levels of IgG were followed by a parallel activation of cytotoxic T cells, which was indicated by the upregulation of FasL, perforin, CD28 and IFN- γ mRNA in PBMC.
Serotonin induces fluid secretion from Calliphora salivary glands by the parallel activation of the InsP3/Ca2+ and cAMP signaling pathways.
This hypothesis was further supported by the parallel activation of TLR2 signal in the OB and at the site of intracranial inoculation of LPS.
Post CPB AKI was also characterised by renal inflammation, parallel activation of both pro-inflammatory (NF-kB, iNOS) and pro-survival pathways (pAkt, p70s6k, HIF-1α) and apoptosis.
A previous study has shown that HPV E2 can potentiate NF-κB activation by TNF-α [ 14] and results from our laboratory show that HPV16 E2-mediated potentiation of NF-κB activation induced by TNF-α involves parallel activation of STAT3 (signal transducer and activator of transcription 3) with a reduction in E2-induced apoptosis in epithelial cells [ 15].
The c-JUN NH 2-terminal kinase (JNK) and inhibitor κB kinase (IKK), activated by ROS [ 14, 15], parallel activation of protein kinase C (PKC) by DAG, all of which act to down-regulate insulin action by preventing insulin receptor substrate-1 (IRS-1) phosphorylation [ 13].
However, it is still debated whether these processes are mediated by the sequential and/or parallel activation of the frontoparietal areas.
However, the proposed action of P lGFs through mobilization of VEGF seems unlikely because P lGF-stimulated proliferation of iBREC was not inhibited by ranibizumab [ 24]. iBREC proliferation induced by co-stimulating growth factors including VEGF165 was not completely inhibited by the Fab fragment, suggesting parallel activation of independent signalling pathways.
Indeed, the stimulation of many non-excitable cells by neurotransmitters or hormones causes the parallel activation of the cAMP and the phosphoinositide signaling pathways [ 1, 2].
In parallel, activation of microglia, visualized by OX-42 and OX-6 immunostaining were also observed in the SN, where degeneration of nigral neurons was found.
