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Cyclic AMP is a second messenger molecule generated both at the cell surface and in the cytoplasm by numerous isoforms of the enzyme adenylate cyclase [31].
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Numerous isoforms of AC are differentially modulated by both Gβγ and various Gα-GTP subunits and play critical roles in a variety of fundamental neuronal processes (Sadana and Dessauer, 2009; Sunahara et al., 1996).
The fibroblast growth factor (FGF) family comprises 22 ligands [ 21] with numerous isoforms of FGF receptor tyrosine kinases generated by messenger RNA splicing from 4 genes (FGFR1, FGFR2, FGFR3, and FGFR4) [ 22].
They have abundant levels of G proteins and numerous isoforms of PKA.
Numerous isoforms of VEGF-A exist but their physiological significance is unclear.
Western blot analysis of 2D-gels revealed that the plasma contains numerous isoforms of C3 and C4.
The numerous isoforms of DNMT3B that arise via alternative splicing were also very similar in XX and XY ES cells.
In plants, one striking characteristic is that numerous isoforms of CaM may occur within a single plant species.
Numerous isoforms of CD44 exist, and some of them are overexpressed on breast tumour cells which seems to be correlated with the metastatic potential [ 14].
Currently ALDH activity is evidenced by using Aldefluor, a fluorescent substrate likely to be metabolized by numerous ALDH isoforms.
This gene includes a highly variable number of kringle IV-2 repeats (range at least 12 44) which result in numerous isoforms that can be typed by protein electrophoresis (30) or genomically quantified by qPCR (30– 30).
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