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(Without loss of generality, we will assume the radius is 1, which can be done by normalizing the data by the radius).
For quantitative readings, the inter-wavelength laser energy variations were corrected for by normalizing the data by power meter readings (FieldMaxII-TOP, Coherent GmbH, Dieburg, Germany).
By normalizing the data as described above all the values of the data will fall within a given range, and the impact of the input factors can be judged based on the pattern shown by the input factors but not on the numeric magnitude.
Cumulative release profiles were generated by normalizing the data against the total amount of encapsulated protein and reported as fractional protein release.
For comparing samples between them, 2−ΔCt were calculated by normalizing the data by a housekeeping gene (HKG): 2−ΔCt = 2−Ct(sample)/2−Ct HKG).
In addition, if there were significant main effects of stimulus features (e.g., more intense sounds produced larger activations), differences in distributions were compared after the main effects had been eliminated by normalizing the data to mean response magnitudes for each condition.
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Finally, in order to compare the data from different experimental conditions, we calculated 2−ΔΔCt values, which are obtained by normalizing the experimental data by reference data.
These artifacts cannot be eliminated by globally normalizing the data.
Variance : γ 2 ≡ C 2 0 = E x 2 n, (5) Skewness : C 3 0, 0 = E x 3 n, Kurtosis : C 4 0, 0, 0 = E x 4 n − 3 E x 2 n 2. When estimating HOS from finite data records, the variance of the estimators is reduced by normalizing the input data to have a unity variance, prior to computing the estimators.
To compare our mice expression profiles with those of human gastric cancers, the gene signature to classify human intestinal- and diffuse-type gastric cancers was also modified from original one by normalizing the expression data to the average of normal gastric samples.
Second, we considered latitudinal variation of the Sq and EEJ magnetic signature by normalizing the observation data to the dip equator.
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