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The 2−ΔΔ Ct assay does this by normalizing the amount of a variable-copy target gene, against an endogenous single copy gene.
The ChIP signals were calculated by normalizing the amount of PCR product from the immunoprecipitated DNA fragments to that from the input samples before immunoprecipitation, and expressed as relative ratios against the nonspecific ChIP signals at time zero (before HO induction) set at 1.0.
The relative fold change in specific mRNA copies was calculated by normalizing the amount of GADPH mRNA in each sample.
Efficiency was evaluated by normalizing the amount of production by the required input (e.g. amount of glycolate or sunlight).
Histograms were generated by normalizing the amount of each protein to the total ERK level detected in the same extracted sample.
The relative mRNA levels of MAP1S were quantified by normalizing the amount of MAP1S mRNA to amount of β-actin mRNA.
Similar(52)
The fold change of DNA in each immunoprecipitate was determined by normalizing the absolute amount to the input DNA reference and calculating the fold change relative to that amount in unstimulated cells.
This is easily and typically achieved by normalizing the input amount of PCR product into the cell-free protein expression reaction and can be quality-controlled by monitoring the raw N-terminal signals (total expressed and captured protein).
The amount of DNA was corrected for the I-SceI digestion efficiency by normalizing the data against the amount of DNA flanking the restriction site.
Expression levels for each gene of interest were calculated by normalizing the quantified mRNA amount to the β-actin mRNA.
Cumulative release profiles were generated by normalizing the data against the total amount of encapsulated protein and reported as fractional protein release.
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