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The two datasets were combined by normalizing expression of each gene to the highest expressing gene in its set.
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qRT-PCR results were analyzed by normalizing expression to the internal control glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase (GAPDH).
Samples were run in triplicate and relative expression levels were determined by normalizing expression levels to that of β-actin.
Expression levels were estimated by normalizing expression against GAPDH.
Samples were run in triplicate, and relative expression levels determined by normalizing expression according to β-actin expression.
The relative fold change of a gene caused by a particular treatment was calculated by first normalizing its expression to that of the reference gene (actin) in the same treated sample to obtain its normalized expression, and then comparing this normalized expression with the similarly normalized expression of the same gene in the corresponding control sample as described [ 74].
This approach analyzed expression of the target gene (CTs) while simultaneously normalizing expression by including expression of the reference gene (CTs) as a covariate in the model [ 88, 113].
RPL13, GAPDH, G6PD, PBGD and ALAS1 were used for normalizing expression data of mouse-human cell hybrids.
Genes with stable expression across brain regions and subjects were identified as possible reference RNAs for normalizing expression levels of other RNAs using the following information-theoretic approach.
The arithmetic mean of the five reference genes (GAPDH, GUSB, RPLP0, TFRC and UBB) was used for normalizing expression values of all the genes in each RNA.
Differences in transfection efficiency were accounted for by normalizing Luc expression to β-Gal expression (Luc/β-Gal).
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