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Copy number values were generated by normalizing each sample's probe set intensity to that of a reference.
Protein loading and signal intensity was controlled by normalizing each sample to the aforementioned positive control, PE01-WWOX as previously described [ 10, 12].
Two-Temperature LATE-PCR does not require an external reference sequence and corrects for variations in total amplification product yield among replicate PCR samples by normalizing each sample to itself using mismatch-tolerant probes.
Alternative presentations of the data, showing individual data points and adjusting for day-to-day binding variation by normalizing each sample to the mean binding of the control RBC samples (AA αα/αα) for each day, are shown in the supplementary figures.
Relative luciferase activity (RLA) was calculated by normalizing each sample's luciferase activity (fLuc) for constitutive Renilla activity (fLuc) measured within the same sample.
CoNIFER and XHMM use principal components analysis to identify and remove systematic biases, while ExomeDepth and CANOES handle bias by normalizing each sample's coverage against the average in a small, 'custom' reference panel of samples with coverage profiles that are highly correlated to the individual sample in question.
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Ratios of changes in gene expression were calculated by normalizing each treated sample to the median value of the time-matched control.
Ratios of changes in gene expression were then calculated by normalizing each E2-treated sample to its corresponding time-matched vehicle (AO -treated control.
The relative mRNA amounts were determined by normalizing each set of samples using the difference in threshold cycles (ΔCT) between interested genes and GAPDH as reference gene (ΔCTSamples = ΔCTinterested − ΔCTGAPDH).
Normalized counts (used in all plots) were obtained by normalizing each gene's count against the sample's total read count, then multiplying by a constant (1 X 10).
Samples were prepared by normalizing each to equivalent volumes using phosphate buffered saline followed by purification using reagents to extract impurities and isolate pathogenic GAG (pGAG).
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