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ΔCt was calculated by normalization to the isotype control, and ΔΔCt values were calculated by normalizing to the Ct values of the untreated sample.
For each sample, the peak heights were first normalized to the average peak height of the control probes, followed by normalization to the average peak height of control samples, obtained from healthy and non-related patients, included in the run.
Relative quantification was performed by normalization to the amount of GAPDH or U6.
The ΔΔCt values were then calculated by normalization to the ΔCt value for control.
SUV allowed relative comparison between subjects by normalization to the injected activity and the body weight of the rat.
(B) Direct transformation of binding PET images to MNI space by normalization to the raclopride PET template.
Raclopride binding images were directly transformed into MNI space by normalization to the raclopride PET template with the same parameters as described for the MRI normalization.
The measured photocurrent was corrected for the spectral response of the lamp and the monochromator by normalization to the response of a calibrated silicon photodiode (Hamamatsu, Model S1336-8BK) whosensitivityity spectrum was known.
This was followed by normalization to the total spectral count for all bands of one lane to account for possible loading differences.
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Differences in transfection efficiency were eliminated by normalization to renilla-luciferase under the control of the CMV-promoter.
Expression levels of the selected genes were normalized first to the internal standard GAPDH followed by normalization to lenti-non-target-shRNA using the standard ΔΔCt method [ 46].
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