In addition, our results predict that mutations that cause large shifts in the wavelength of peak absorption promote speciation, whereas we did not observe speciation when peak absorption evolved by stepwise mutations with small effect.
As pointed out by Kimura (1983), however, Fisher neglected the fact that, among beneficial mutations, the few mutations with large effect have a higher fixation probability than the more common mutations with small effects.
The only known natural mutation found in mature human IAPP is a Ser20-to-Gly missense mutation, found with small frequency in Chinese and Japanese populations.
For mutation, with a small probability, flip a random bit in the offsprings' bit streams.
In most traits, variation was generated by mutations of relatively small phenotypic effect; putative mutations with effects of greater than one phenotypic standard deviation were observed for only 8% of traits.
The first is taken from evolutionary theory on the "cost of complexity", which predicts that adaptive walks are characterized by initial mutations with large fitness effects, followed by mutations of smaller effect [ 47].
This new approach is well suited for investigating mutations with very small effects, which are particularly difficult to quantify by other methods.
Mutations affecting gene expression were predominantly of small phenotypic effect, with only ∼8% of mutationally variable traits affected by a mutation with an effect size of >1 phenotypic standard deviation.
Many cancers have the tumor suppressor p53 inactivated by mutation, making reactivation of mutant p53 with small molecules a promising strategy for the development of novel anticancer therapeutics.
Imperfect repetitive elements are units with small mutations and may have been caused by insertions, deletions, or replacements.
