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We undersample the received echo signals e by multiplying a selection matrix Σ as e cs = Σ e = Σ G f + v = Σ G f + v ~, (24).
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We predicted the response of larvae to a single (initial) generation of selective fishing by multiplying fishery selection differentials by the combined genetic covariance and size-dependent maternal effects.
Mean-standardized selection differentials are also calculated, by multiplying selection differentials with the trait's mean and dividing by its variance (Matsumura et al. 2012).
Standardized selection differentials and standard errors were generated by dividing selection differentials by trait standard deviations, and standardized selection gradients and standard errors were generated by multiplying selection gradients and standard errors by trait standard deviations (Janzen and Stern 1998; Matsumura et al. 2012).
We created a new weight by multiplying the original sample selection weight for each sample unit by the reciprocal of its modelling response propensity in order to estimate unbiased or nearly unbiased population statistics.
Sampling weights were calculated by multiplying the household's selection probability by the woman's selection probability.
Thus, for each participant his/her weight was calculated by multiplying the probability of EA selection, the probability of household selection, the probability of participant selection within the household and age-sex population distribution in Malawi.
We calculated sampling weights by multiplying the inverse probability for selection of a person within a household multiplied by a post-stratification adjustment on the basis of the census population of the region.
The expected number of sites under selection for a particular amino acid in a structure was then estimated by multiplying the fraction of selected sites for each amino acid by the observed number of that amino acid in each structure.
Selection for a specific target was implemented by multiplying the rates of all reactions by a selective advantage S (set to 1.01 or 1.1) if it matched the characteristic composition of the desired attractor.
Selection for a specific target was implemented by multiplying the rates of all reactions by a selective advantage S if it matched the characteristic composition of the desired attractor.
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