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In order to substantially improve protection against the flu, the report concluded, researchers need to create a vaccine that targets antigens shared by multiple strains of the virus, such as the HA stalk, nucleoprotein, and the matrix 2 protein.
CYP51 (sterol 14α-demethylase) is an efficient target for clinical and agricultural antifungals and an emerging target for treatment of Chagas disease, the infection that is caused by multiple strains of a protozoan pathogen Trypanosoma cruzi.
Among these, iturins are the most widely reported class of lipopeptides produced by multiple strains of Bacillus subtilis (Duitman et al. 1999; Isogai et al. 1982; Peypoux et al. 1986), B. licheniformis (Kakinuma et al. 1969; Yakimov et al. 1999; Jenny et al. 1991; Lin et al. 1994) and B. cereus (Nishikiori et al. 1986).
The present study showed that patients with peptic ulcer disease and those with gastritis were almost infected similarly by multiple strains of H. pylori.
In line with this, prior studies have shown that the rate of transformation increases during colonization of the nasopharynx by multiple strains of pneumococci [ 30, 31].
Likewise, if hosts are infected by multiple strains of parasites, parasite parasite competition within hosts will often lead to nonequilibrium evolutionary dynamics (Frank 1996; Bull et al. 2006).
Similar(49)
Even then, subsequent hosts would have to be infected by multiple strains for this time competition to press ahead.
A guitarist and vocalist from Benin, Mr. Loueke has a style born of synthesis: he came into his own by absorbing multiple strains of West African and Brazilian music, along with decades of modern jazz.
Protein sequences in Fasta format from all 833 complete bacterial and archaeal genomes available at the NCBI [ 36] in February 2009 were downloaded and a non-redundant set of 523 genomes was created by removing multiple strains of the same species.
Co-infection of individual hosts by multiple strains or isolates has been observed for most pathogens in which it has been investigated (Balmer and Tanner, 2011), and we have incorporated it in both models.
The co-existence of more than one strain in the same individual may reflect the capacity of H. pylori to evolve genetic variations during the long-term colonization from childhood [ 34], and the dynamics of co-colonization by multiple strains has been studied in animal models [ 35].
More suggestions(15)
by many strains of
by uropathogenic strains of
by multiple corners of
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by multiple failures of
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Justyna Jupowicz-Kozak
CEO of Professional Science Editing for Scientists @ prosciediting.com