The internalization of receptors is a complex process orchestrated by multiple proteins including clathrin, endocytic proteins, and adaptor proteins, which recruit their cargo into clathrin-coated pits (CCPs) [1], [2].
However, under stressful conditions mRNA binding proteins consolidate mRNA in cytoplasmic compartments, termed the stress granules (SGs); this recruitment is mediated by multiple proteins, including T-cell intracellular antigen 1 (TIA-1), RasGAP-associated endoribnuclease (G3BP), elongation initiation factor 3 (eIF3) and poly-A binding protein (PABP) [7].
Anterograde mitochondrial trafficking is regulated by multiple proteins, including the Miro/Milton complex.
To assess toxic Aβ42 and Aβ43 oligomer formation, we employed the conformation-specific A11 antibody, which specifically recognizes preamyloid oligomers formed by multiple proteins, including Aβ42, but not monomers or fibrils [ 21].
Among them, LMW-GS are the most heterogeneous group, being represented by multiple proteins, including those with a characteristic LMW-GS sequence and others with a gliadin-like sequence.
Second, methylated DNA may be targeted by multiple proteins, including methyl-CpG-binding domain proteins, histone deacetylases, and chromatin remodeling proteins, to form complex structures, which can inactivate the chromatin and silence gene transcription.
CES composed of allogeneic keratinocytes, in particular, could be defined as a biological dressing that exerts its wound-healing effects by releasing multiple proteins including growth factors, cytokines, and extracellular matrix proteins.
The activation of AKT molecules plays a key regulatory role by targeting multiple proteins, including Bad, FOXO, Cyclin D1, GSK3β, MDM2, P27, and the mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR), resulting in cellular transformation, survival, and proliferation [5], [6].
Moreover, miR-146b, another miRNA of the miR-146 family, is an IL-10-responsive miRNA with anti-inflammatory activity [ 79]. miR-146b can modulate the TLR4-signalling pathway by directly targeting multiple proteins, including TLR4, MyD88, IRAK1, and TRAF6 [ 79].
In addition to the abovementioned GSK-3β, C/EBPβ is also targeted by multiple protein kinases including protein kinase A, calmodulin-dependent protein kinase, Erk-1/2, ribosomal protein S6 kinase, and CDK2 [44].
This cell cycle dependent phosphorylation occurs in the absence of DNA damage and is accomplished by multiple protein kinases including cyclin A/cdk2, cyclin E/cdk2, cyclin D/cdk4, and aurora-A [7].
