The partial inhibition of PCD features by specific cathepsin B inhibitor, CA-074, shows that there may be multiple pathways involving clan CA proteases.
Thus, by targeting one miRNA, it is likely possible to target multiple pathways involved in the formation and/or progression of the tumour.
In addition, the multiple pathways involved in NRP-1-mediated VEGF survival signaling indicate a degree of complexity that is paralleled by the emerging complexity of interaction between VEGF ligands and their receptors, and the downstream signaling pathways they mediate.
The current review indicates that EOs and their constituents act by multiple pathways and mechanisms involving apoptosis, cell cycle arrest, antimetastatic and antiangiogenic, increased levels of reactive oxygen and nitrogen species (ROS/RNS), DNA repair modulation, and others to demonstrate their antiproliferative activity in the cancer cell.
However, transposable elements can be methylated by multiple pathways: one pathway important to this study involves the enzyme CMT2, which methylates long or 'deep' transposable elements at CHG and CHH sites (Zemach et al., 2013; Stroud et al., 2014).
Insulin secretion by exocytosis of its storage granules is a complex mechanism that involves numerous proteins and is regulated by multiple pathways to finely control circulating glucose levels.
The precise functions that β-catenin signaling plays in prostate cancer are not well understood, and its complexity is further compounded by crosstalk of β-catenin with multiple signaling pathways involving factors such as the androgen receptor [28], IGF-1 (insulin-like growth factor 1) [30], [30], AKT [29], [31], osteopontin [32], [33], and FoxO (Forkhead box O) [34], [35], [36].
As a malignant disease, multiple signaling pathways involving cell survival and proliferation are frequently over-activated in CRC.
The formation of lateral root primordia along the main root axis is controlled by interconnected signaling pathways involving multiple hormones.
Classical miRNAs are master regulators of human cancer metastasis, by targeting multiple molecular pathways involved in each step of this complex phenomenon [ 144 ].
