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The effect of fatigue loading on the behaviour of all tested beams was assessed by monitoring the deflection, crack widths and strain in concrete, steel reinforcement and CFRP strips during fatigue loading.
Third, the depth of removal is dictated indirectly by prescribing the force by monitoring the deflection of the relatively low-stiffness AFM cantilever.
Cantilever vibration was driven by photothermal excitation induced by an intensity-modulated laser beam (405 nm), and detected by monitoring the deflection of a second laser beam (780 nm) using the optical setup described previously [20],[20].
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When the microcantilever array is scanned by a piezoelectric-driven laser beam, the kinetic curves of the specific biochemical reaction on the microcantilever array surface is obtained by real-time monitoring the deflections of the microcantilevers with the optical lever read-out technique.
The behavior of beams was monitored by measuring the deflection at mid-span and at 200 mm distance from the mid-span using two dial gauges with an accuracy of 0.01 mm.
The behavior of the shear-critical beams is studied through monitoring the load deflection curves, ultimate load values, vertical deflections measurements and crack propagation during static tests.
A linear potentiometer was mounted on the loading actuator to monitor the downward vertical deflection.
According to the field monitoring results, the deflection of the stabilizing piles and the deformation of the slope were significantly affected by heavy rainfall.
We next monitored the current trace for evidence of downward deflections indicative of action currents.
A constant deflection of 0.018 mm was applied to monitor the stress relaxation for 100 min.
The electromechanical model is validated by simulating fixed-fixed edges at small deflection and by comparing the deflection with the analytically-calculated one reported by Choi et al.62 (Supplementary Fig. S12) as discussed in Supplementary Information, Section 8.
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