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Pharmacokinetic interactions may be caused by modulation of efflux transporter proteins, intercellular tight junctions and/or metabolic enzyme amongst others.
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Functional Pgp expression was determined by modulation of R123 efflux.
Functional BCRP expression was measured similarly and was determined by modulation of BODIPY (Invitrogen) efflux.
MRP function was determined by modulation of Calcein-AM (Invitrogen) efflux [ 55].
This component of the experiment afforded an additional control that would define any role of metabolic energy in conjunction with any effect produced by given concentrations of CCCP on efflux of EB and the modulation of efflux at a given pH.
Some in vitro studies have reported that pro-inflammatory cytokines alter the integrity of BBB or induce modulation of efflux transporters [[10]].
CD28 costimulation affected many more genes through modulation of alternate splicing than by modulation of transcription.
by modulation of huntingtin structure, and 2).
The same effects were produced by CCCP and its modulation of EB efflux by the intrinsic efflux pump system of the AG100 wild-type strain (data not shown).
Since the mechanism of antimicrobial resistance in Salmonella Typhimurium DT104 is mainly mediated by interaction between specific transporters of antibiotics and AcrAB-TolC efflux pump, the aforementioned plant compounds could be acting through modulation of these efflux pumps to increase the antibiotic sensitivity of the pathogen [ 161].
Blaha, C. D. et al. Modulation of dopamine efflux in the nucleus accumbens after cholinergic stimulation of the ventral tegmental area in intact, pedunculopontine tegmental nucleus-lesioned, and laterodorsal tegmental nucleus-lesioned rats.
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