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However, each of the sites influences mRNA translation, either directly by modulating the binding affinity of PHAS-I and eIF4E or indirectly by affecting the phosphorylation of other sites.
The current generally accepted view is that methylation does not affect phosphatase activity in vitro, suggesting instead that this modification indirectly regulates PP2A activity by modulating the binding of different regulatory B subunits to AC dimers [14], [25] [30].
The hydrolysis of the glycan of IgG has been shown to have major consequences on the effector functions of the antibody by modulating the binding to FcγR [ 12].
These findings highlight the role of PAR and PARP-1 in regulating alternative splicing by modulating the binding of hnRNPs to their target RNAs.
It is partly accomplished by formation of nucleosomes [ 35] and by modulating the binding of regulatory factors and the transcription complex to transcriptional response elements, both directly and indirectly [ 1].
The exposure to GABA appears to directly reduce promoter activity by modulating the binding of sequence-specific basal TFs to the promoters INR element, thus regulating formation of the Pre-Initiation Complex (PIC) [ 30].
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These findings showed that cytochalasin B inhibited glucose uptake and transport by modulating the active binding sites of GLUTs and not by degrading the actual GLUTs protein contents.
The BTPC subunits also appear to function as Class-2 PEPC regulatory subunits by modulating the PEP binding, catalytic potential, and allosteric effector sensitivity of the PTPC subunits.
Typical eukaryotic TFs have a modular structure comprising two to three domains: a DNA binding domain (DBD), a trans-activating or trans-silencing domain (TAD, TSD), and an optional signal-sensing domain (SSD) that affects TF activity primarily by modulating the DBD binding affinity for its cognate DNA operator sequence in a signal-dependent manner.
While during trophozoite stage it may affect the parasite DNA replication by modulating the DNA binding activity of replication factors, parasites from other stages (ring/schizont) may be affected by the inhibition of transcription, recombination, and many other DNA mediated processes that require proper DNA protein interaction.
Ke, Y. et al. PARP1 promotes gene expression at the post-transcriptiona level by modulating the RNA-binding protein HuR.
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