Sentence examples for by microbial pathogens that from inspiring English sources
The conserved components expressed by microbial pathogens that trigger the immune response are termed 'pathogen-associated molecular patterns'.
The latter may be caused by one of the usual microbial pathogens that also cause gastroenteritis in immunocompetent patients, such as campylobacter, salmonella or viruses.
Public meat recalls are often triggered by outbreaks of disease from E. coli or other microbial pathogens that can affect dozens and sometimes hundreds of consumers.
These defenses are challenged by the extensive inter-species and intra-species genetic variability of diverse microbial pathogens that cause sepsis.
For animals with internal development, microbial pathogens that can directly harm the embryo can be controlled by the surveillance of maternal adaptive and innate immunity [ 2, 3].
Anatomical analysis by electron microscopy revealed the presence of lymphocyte-like cells in gills, and these cells underwent morphological changes in response to microbial pathogens that are reminiscent of those of mammalian lymphocytes executing immune response to microbial challenge.
We further used Real-time PCR to study the expression of these genes with or without challenge by microbial pathogens, demonstrating that 4 days after challenge the expressions were gradually down-regulated, but up-regulated again after the fifth day (Figure 11A, 11B).
Remarkably some of these EMT-signaling pathways are upregulated by microbial pathogens, therefore suggesting that pathogens may also be considered as EMT inducers.
It has been speculated that infection by microbial pathogens may trigger autoimmune reactions through cross-reactivity, as environmental pathogens present antigens that mimic autoantigens [ 23].
Previously, several groups suggested that infection by microbial pathogens induces hypermethylation of candidate genes involved in oncogenesis [ 35, 36, 24].
