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1. Residual distance (r) : We measure the similarity between two sequences, for instance the reconstructed data ( Ŝ 1 ) and the original uncorrupted data (S 1), by measuring the normalized Euclidean residual distance.
Establishment of the MPB surface biofilm was assessed by measuring the normalized difference vegetation index (NDVI, see below).
The Android application includes a default calibration curve, which was obtained by measuring the normalized G/R ratios of a set of known concentration mercury II) solutions ranging from 0 to 5 μM (see Figure 4 ).
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The impact of the tribal borders versus administrative borders in Ivory Coast on human mobility could be also directly demonstrated by measuring the strength of normalized mobility fluxes at different geographical distances in case they cross or do not cross those borders.
Human GAPDH was amplified with the primers described by Zhang et al. [ 29]: forward 5′-ATCCCATCACCATCTTCCAG-3′ and reverse 5′-CCATCACGCCACAGTTTCC-3′. For semi-quantitative RT-PCR, 40 ng of total RNA was used as template and the relative amount of mRNA in different samples was calculated by measuring the band intensity (normalized to GAPDH) using NIH ImageJ software [ 30].
In Fig. 2, the optimal value of 15.0 marked by point B was obtained by measuring the minimum distance from the normalized trade-off curve to the origin of the figure.
The amount of pyocyanin within the extracted layer was determined by measuring the OD520 [ 30] and normalized to the respective cell densities (OD600).
We supplemented these data by measuring changes in the normalized difference vegetation index (NDVI; a measure of vegetation "greenness").
Student mastery of genetics content was assessed by measuring normalized learning gain (using a pre- and post-genetics content test; Hake, 1998).
In experiments carried out on the MIT-BIH Arrhythmia Database, a two-channel database with many clinically significant arrhythmias, our method improved a standard algorithm[6] for detecting a kind of ectopic beat by more than 7× on a signal corrupted with white Gaussian noise, and increased the similarity to the original signal, as measured by the normalized residual distance, by more than 2.5×.
Moreover, home range sizes were related positively to within-home-range variability in vegetative greenness measured by the normalized difference vegetation index.
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