SF is determined by measuring the difference between two threshold measurements at 10 different points across the entire field during the same test.
By measuring the difference between 0th-order and 1st-order diffraction efficiencies, the measurement sensitivity is improved, while common mode laser source noise is eliminated.
It was introduced during World War II as Loran (long-range navigation) A, a system that determines position by measuring the difference in the time of reception of synchronized pulses from widely spaced transmitting stations.
Carnot showed that you could predict the theoretical maximum efficiency of a steam engine by measuring the difference in temperatures of the steam inside the cylinder and that of the air around it, known in thermodynamic terms as the hot and cold reservoirs of a system respectively.
Economists calculate this by measuring the difference between the rate charged on loans and a "reference rate", which is pretty much the risk-free rate.The consequence of this approach is that when interest margins rise for corporate borrowers, as they did in late 2008, the gross value-added of the banking sector appears to go up.
Thus one should be able to find vP, and hence the quantity Q (= APvP) that engineers refer to as the rate of discharge, by measuring the difference of level h of the fluid in the two side tubes shown in the diagram.
During the mercuric nitrate dispense, the end-point was determined by measuring the difference in potential.
We determined the contribution of peatlands to bird regional diversity by measuring the difference between peatland and associated regional avifaunas.
The quantity of OC sorbed was calculated by measuring the difference between the OC concentrations before and after sorption.
Deformation was calculated by measuring the difference of the lateral position of the tip of the villi structures.
By measuring the difference in height between these two surfaces, scientists can, using a relatively simple calculation, work out the overall volume of the marine cover.
