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3 Peak oxygen consumption is commonly determined by maximal exercise testing, but it can be difficult to carry out in some cardiac patients.
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Cardiovascular fitness (VO2max) was measured via maximal exercise testing to volitional fatigue by open-circuit spirometry using a metabolic cart (Parvo Medics, Sandy, UT).
Before randomisation, all potential participants with a positive cardiac checklist will be examined by a cardiologist to exclude possible cardiac contraindication for maximal exercise testing or a physical exercise programme.
Pulmonary capillary wedge pressure (PCWP) as estimated by the previously proposed equation [ 20] did not significantly change following the bout of maximal exercise testing in either sex.
Then, we compared their cardiovascular and ventilatory response to incremental maximal exercise testing.
Subsequent studies included 24 h ECG, maximal exercise testing and cardiac MRI.
The baseline examination included (besides anthropometric and laboratory examinations) treadmill maximal exercise testing.
Functional capacity was measured by the maximal exercise test (ET) as described in the literature [ 16].
Main outcome measures All cause mortality up to 31 December 2003; muscular strength, quantified by combining one repetition maximal measures for leg and bench presses and further categorised as age specific thirds of the combined strength variable; and cardiorespiratory fitness assessed by a maximal exercise test on a treadmill.
The baseline session involved participation on the Eriksen flankers task followed by a graded maximal exercise test to measure cardiovascular fitness.
Cardiorespiratory fitness was determined by a graded maximal exercise test on a cycle ergometer.
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