These projects are characterized by the manipulation of data, information, and knowledge in various types and formats, manually constructed based on the modularity principle, where complex elements are divided into smaller parts.
In [17], the authors identify security and privacy issues as one of the major open research issues in the development of medical cyber-physical systems (MCPS), especially considering that interoperability capabilities will open up new attack surfaces that can be misused to harm patients by, e.g., manipulation of data or direct access to critical system components.
Attribute Equations simplify data analysis, by permitting direct manipulation of data, and allow for very complex analysis given the wide variety of functions provided.
Mr. Issa has focused on the so-called Climategate scandal involving alleged manipulation of data by British scientists: "For me, settled science starts out with settled raw data," Mr. Issa said.
As mentioned, the presence of poor data in a storage system is known to increase with the age of applications, and in the dynamic web environment, where applications change very often, it is likely that residual bugs, user misuse, manipulation of data by other services, or even malicious accesses to data cause the appearance of such problems in the storage.
The manipulation of data is achieved by substituting the links connecting web pages (i.e. the documents) with links connecting the data elements themselves and adding semantics to them all.
Preprocessing The manipulation of data, via a large number of techniques, to make it suitable for further manipulations or analysis.
