It can be speculated that iron supplements may ameliorate damage induced by low-level exposure to carbon monoxide.
Johnson et al. (2001) and Lee et al. (2006) have suggested that these actions could be induced by low-level exposure to these pollutants.
Although the hypothetical mechanism proposed by those authors may or may not lead to a better understanding of whether formaldehyde plays a causative role in asthma-related bronchoconstriction, at present the evidence suggests that asthma is neither caused nor exacerbated by low-level exposure (i.e., less than 1-2ppm) (Noiset et al., 2007).
The current paradigm in regulatory toxicology of only testing a few very high doses of chemicals within a relatively narrow dose range (with the highest dose being the maximum tolerated dose) thus does not serve to predict the hazards posed by low-level exposure to numerous EDCs found in most people in biomonitoring studies conducted in the United States and elsewhere (Calafat et al. 2008).
To adequately address the question of whether the immune system is affected by low-level exposures to hazardous substances, we recommend that more functional immunotoxicity tests be conducted in human populations where individual exposure information is available or when it can be reasonably estimated from environmental exposure measurements.
The large BELLE (Biological Effects of Low Level Exposures) database described by Calabrese and Baldwin (2001, 2003b), among other things, was assembled at the outset to search for and identify the presence of hormetic data.
Low level exposures to PCBs cause neurological changes in birds that alter a critical behaviour: birdsong.
Besides birth defects and prenatal mortality, reproductive toxicity includes less readily observed effects that may be influenced by chronic low-level exposure to a toxic substance.
Unless and until regulatory agencies incorporate modern endocrinologic principles into their risk assessment paradigms, they will continue to provide false assurances of "safety" and fail to recognize the actual health risks posed by chronic low-level exposure to an increasing number of chemicals found in commonly used products.
The membranes of exosomes are composed of several lipids, including cholesterol, ceramide, and sphingomyelin, and they are specifically characterized by low levels of phosphatidylserine exposure [ 26].
