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A knottin is an extremely stable 30-amino-acid protein fold (<4 kDa) composed of three anti-parallel β-strands connected by loops of variable length and multiple disulfide bonds (Fig. 1F).
The domain secondary structural elements are rich in charged residues and are separated by loops of variable length, which are likely to be the reasons why this domain escaped detection until now.
Conserved superimposable regions (core regions) of the catalytic domain were identified based on the 3D-structure alignment, and these consisted of 4 discontinuous sequence segments that are connected by loops of variable structure.
The names and the NCBI accession numbers of all the genomes analyzed in this study are listed in Additional file 6. Novel repeats have been identified by BLAST, using as queries known REPs variously modified, or sets of 20 mers featuring 7 8 base paired residues, separated by loops of variable lengths.
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Based on sequence similarity, the functional unit of all members in this family are predicted to have six hydrophobic, membrane-spanning α-helices connected by five loops of variable length that delimit a polar channel with two wide vestibules and a narrow pore [8], [9].
Despite large sequence variations, all BRD modules share a conserved fold that comprises a left-handed bundle of four α helices (αZ, αA, αB, αC), linked by loop regions of variable length (ZA and BC loops), which line the Kac binding site and determine binding specificity.
The conserved structural element of the HNH motif is known as the ββα-metal fold because of its two anti-parallel β-strands connected by a loop of variable length and the α-helix that follows (Mehta et al., 2004).
The two helices contain ~15 amino acids and are separated by a loop of variable length.
In at least 13 tRNA genes, the T-arm has been substituted by a loop of variable size (TV-replacement), whereas another six tRNA genes (trnD, trnE, trnQ, trnS1, trnS2, and trnV) show a D-replacement loop instead of the D-arm.
The tRNA-Ser AGY) retRNA-Ser AGYaretains a stem 3 bp long and a large loop (11 nt long in P. mammillata and 15 nt P. fumigata), withe in most metazoansteme DHU-arm is replaced by a loop of variable size [ 57].
They recognize enzymes (and globular proteins in general) by flat complementary surfaces composed by loops of both the heavy and light variable domains.
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