A possible approach is based on the use of standard top-down lithographic techniques such as electron-beam lithography.
It represents a feasible and inexpensive alternative to standard lithographic techniques such as electron beam lithography (EBL) and nanoimprint lithography (NIL).
Although graphene is metallic, it can be tailored to form semiconducting nanoribbons, junctions and circuits by lithographic techniques.
Many methods have been employed to fabricate various SERS-active morphologies, such as electrochemically roughening metal foils, depositing rough films on substrates, spraying metal colloids on substrates, plasma treating metal films, and fabricating nanostructures by lithographic techniques or in porous anodic alumina templates [2, 5 8].
Fused silica and silicon tool-substrates having optically functional structures generated by lithographic techniques were coated and deployed in moulding experiments performed at temperatures of 600 °C and higher.
We apply self-assembly to form multilayers on gold structures formed by lithographic techniques to create patterns with spacings in the 10 100 nm regime.
In this work, blood cells were labelled with magnetic nanoparticles and fluorescent probes and aligned along ferromagnetic lines deposited by lithographic techniques on an optically transparent surface of a chamber under a magnetic field (Fig. 14).
The silicon nitride SWS gratings exhibit lower reflection than colloid-based antireflection coatings on crystalline silicon solar cells, [16] other SWS ARCs made by lithographic techniques with typical reflection of ~2 10% [8, 17 20], Additionally, optimization of the height and non-etched part of silicon nitride of SWS will facilitate further improvement of the antireflection performance.
Another important feature of our method is the reproducibility and control (over module dimensions and shape) provided by lithographic techniques [5], combined with accessibility to biologists who do not have access to specialized equipment.
In some cases, the whole SERS active substrate could be implanted in mouse to obtain quantitative sensing of glucose (Stuart et al, 2006) upon laser excitation (see Fig 5B for an example of an implantable substrate prepared by lithographic techniques).
