In all the cases in which categorisation of the study participants by level of salt intake was available, we calculated the relative risk of higher versus lower salt intake by comparing the event rate in the two categories with a difference in average salt intake closest to 100 mmol of sodium or about 6 g of salt a day.
The hypothesis of this experiment is that a low-forage (LF) ration will be utilized with greater efficiency than a high-forage ration (HF) by dairy heifers and that the response will be affected by level of N intake.
We identified possible modification of the effects of both calcium and phosphorus by level of magnesium intake.
These data suggested that, overall, 38% of weight loss was determined by level of dietary intake, 34% by serum CRP concentrations (systemic inflammation) and 28% was attributable to stage of disease.
We thus examined choline intake and breast cancer risk by levels of folate intake (<300, 300 <400, 400 <500, and ⩾500 μg per day) and alcohol intake (non-drinker, >0 <15, and ⩾15 g per day) (Table 3).
A wide array of covariates assessed at the baseline survey and FFQs were compared by levels of exposure (intake levels of Ca and Mg) as potential confounding factors (table 1).
In the full adjusted analysis stratified by family history of breast cancer, by levels of alcohol intake and by body mass index (<25 or ⩾25 kg/m), there was no evidence for interaction with lignans in relation to overall risk or of any subtype; all Pvalues for trends were>0.60 and all P values for interaction >0.35.
The relative differences in phytonutrient intakes by level of fruit and vegetable consumption were comparable to findings in our previous assessment of intake by adults in the USA, and generally similar to the results reported by Lee et al. for adults in Korea.
While the findings of these studies are not necessarily surprising, they provide important information on phytonutrient intakes by level of fruit and vegetable consumption as well as dietary sources of phytonutrients in these two countries.
