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Inspection of the associations by level of exposure shows little evidence of linearity with most of the metabolites.
For all indicators of traffic density and frequency, an increase in symptoms by level of exposure was observed.
Table 4 shows the proportions of participants experiencing mental distress by level of exposure (experience of the volcanic eruption).
Five studies on negative ionization and depression (measured using a structured interview guide) were evaluated by level of exposure intensity (high vs. low) using meta-analysis.
We considered coding favorite activities by level of exposure to potential stimuli as low, moderate, or high risk for exacerbation of symptoms.
We used linear regression analysis to estimate differences in score by level of exposure for the NBAS outcomes scored on a continuous scale; a lower score was associated with a poorer outcome.
Similar(50)
In Figure 3, we compared BCd associations with SBP and DBP by levels of exposure.
A wide array of covariates assessed at the baseline survey and FFQs were compared by levels of exposure (intake levels of Ca and Mg) as potential confounding factors (table 1).
By including the pragmatically linked deaths we improve sensitivity but also reduce specificity of outcome ascertainment, which also will bias results from survival analyses if sensitivity and specificity vary by levels of exposure.
The unadjusted prevalence of the three outcomes investigated here was calculated in relation to increasing proximity of the residence to the nearest main road (i.e. < 50 m, 50-100 m, 100-150 m, 150-300 m and > 300 m) or by levels of exposure (e.g. across quartiles of increasing levels of PM and NOx emissions).
The fetus and child are especially susceptible to air pollution and many other environmental contaminants because of their rapid development and immature defense systems; thus, they may be affected by levels of exposure that have no apparent effects in adults (Bearer 1995; Etzel and Balk 1999; Grandjean and Landrigan 2006; Perera et al. 2002, 2006a).
More suggestions(17)
by level of income
by level of user
by level of training
by level of intoxication
by level of closeness
by level of education
by level of exhaustion
by level of facility
by level of severity
by level of care
by level of skill
by level of disease
by level of antibody
by level of intervention
by level of intake
by level of pretransfusion
by level of fatigue
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