The degree of coordination is measured by the expected sample overlap, which is bounded above by a theoretical bound, called the absolute upper bound, and which depends on the unit inclusion probabilities.
The statistical power of remaining parameters was calculated by entering the expected sample size of 20 and the average within-group differences from baseline to 5 weeks.
Extending the ideas of step-up and step-down methods for multiple comparisons to sequential designs, the new techniques improve over the Bonferroni and closed testing methods proposed earlier by a substantial reduction of the expected sample size.
Moreover, since |ΔN| / NR = 13 / 264 = 0.0492, the linear model's prediction was within 5% of the expected sample size provided by the Raschpower method.
To avoid loss of statistical power due to potential non-responses, the expected sample size was increased by 30% to 559 and was practically set as 600 for each group.
Following the logic of the UPM analysis (Snir et al. 2012), we estimated the expected sampling error by assuming that mutations are generated by a Poisson process.
The structure and morphology of the expected samples are characterized by X-ray diffraction (XRD), Raman spectroscopy, X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and transmission electron microscopy (TEM) technique.
As expected, samples separated clearly by species.
We attempt to answer this question by maximizing a benefit-cost ratio, defined to be the expected number of effective tumor indications correctly identified in the two waves (benefit) divided by the expected total sample size in the two waves and the subsequent trials for more definitive testing triggered by those with a positive outcome in the first wave (cost).
Then, for each combination of design parameters, a choice between Simon's optimal and minimax design was made on a case by case basis, according to the expected total sample size of the trial and the probability of early termination under H0 and H1.
