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This temporally global formulation is transformed into a local description by introducing internal variables.
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In CDM, damage is described by introducing internal state variables (D ij ) into an algorithm of continuum mechanics to represent micro defects in a damage process in the material.
Determinant parameters in the formation of each mode were identified by introducing internal failure indexes.
Model uncertainties or unmeasurable disturbances existing objectively can be solved by introducing internal model control.
In this paper, the damage model proposed by Bonora [Eng. Fract. Mech. 58 (1997) 11] has been reformulated in order to account for compressive loading by introducing a new internal variable associated to damage.
The proposed coupling is eliminated by introducing slack variables.
By introducing slack variables ζ ≥ 0, equation (16) becomes: (19).
So, we test this hypothesis by introducing binary variables (D2).
Typically, the former variables appear in terms of the Ordinary Least Squares (OLS) technique by introducing dummy variables.
The basic concept of DLSR is to enlarge the distance between classes by introducing slack variables.
We control false positives by introducing the variables δ i (t), which indicate an outbreak.
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