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The switch to production mode is trigged by inducer addition, allowing yield, titer, and productivity to be managed through induction time.
To improve the production of the proteins whose expression was decreased in GCDM-grown cells, we initially determined how expression was affected by inducer concentration and induction time.
Furthermore, the results suggest that glucose repression of the uptake system possibly is by inducer exclusion, a mechanism not described so far in this organism.
When bound by inducer molecules, LysR protein enhances the recruitment of RNA polymerase to the promoter without affecting the occupancy of the LysR protein at the operator site.
It is widely accepted that the expressions of almost all genes encoding lignocellulose-degrading enzymes are triggered by inducer released from complex plant polysaccharides and regulated by transcription factors in a coordinated manner [ 12, 13].
On glycerol, cellulase expression can be induced by the addition of for example the strong inducer sophorose, whereas glucose represses the induction of cellulase gene expression by inducer exclusion (for a review see [ 5]).
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HO-1 is an inducible isoenzyme whose expression and activity can be upregulated by inducers or downregulated by inhibitors, such as zinc protoporphyrin IX (ZnPPR IX).
When the modified H. pylori strains were co-cultured with AGS cells, activity of the Cag type IV secretion system was dependent on the presence of anhydrotetracycline as evidenced by inducer-dependent induction of IL-8 secretion, CagA translocation, and appearance of type IV secretion system pili at the bacteria host interface.
XlnR is activated by inducers derived from xylan, like D-xylose, though at a higher concentration this activation is attenuated by CreA (de Vries et al. [1999]; Ruijter et al. [1999]; van Peij et al. [1998]).
The 'replacement subtype' H1.0 was initially described in highly differentiated, non-dividing cells [9] and expression of its gene can be turned on by inducers of differentiation (reviewed by Zlatanova and Doenecke [24]).
Energy efficient production of cellulases and hemicellulases is achieved by tight gene regulation governed by inducer-dependent expression of the genes and by repression of the genes in the presence of fast metabolized carbon sources (for reviews see [ 9, 10]).
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