Sentence examples for by individual selection from inspiring English sources

One reason is that natural selection at the individual level will typically overwhelm selection at the group level: because individuals are born and die faster than groups reproduce or go extinct, evolution will usually move in the direction preferred by individual selection.

For Wilson, individual selection means within-group selection, so to determine which strategy is favoured by individual selection, one must compare the fitnesses of W and N types within a group, or pair.

However, there is a counter argument due to D.S. Wilson (1977, 1980), who maintains that weak altruism cannot evolve by individual selection alone; a component of group selection is needed.

Elisabeth Vrba (1986 , 1989 and see Vrba and Gould 1986), for example, has distinguished between species sorting and species selection, arguing that while a sorting of species may be the product of evolution by natural selection (see Barker and Wilson 2010), this outcome is typically brought about not by species selection but by individual selection.

For other theorists, individual selection means selection based on differences in individual phenotype, rather than social context; so to determine which strategy is favoured by individual selection, one must compare the fitnesses of W and N types in the same social context, i.e., with the same partner.

Previously he had interpreted sex as a complex adaptation elaborated by individual selection.

Recent investigations suggest that, in the absence of classic selective sweeps, signatures of selection for complex traits are less likely to be detected by using individual selection tests on single breed data (Kemper et al. 2014).

It is likely that previous analyses based on single endogenous reference genes might have been strongly biased by the individual selections and the interpretation of the results should looked at with caution.

Stratification by age was used in individual selection with oversampling of younger age groups to ensure an adequate number of individuals with urinary storage symptoms in each age group [18].

We do so first by giving analytical solutions for the evolutionarily stable level of cooperation for various group sizes and threshold levels at first assuming only individual selection; then by studying the interaction of individual and group level selection with a series of computer simulations validated by the numeric results.

Units 1 through 4 have a similar management history as Unit 5; records of historical treatment activities maintained by the Forest Service indicate that all units were harvested by individual tree selection in 1967, parts of Units 3, 4 and 5 were commercially thinned in 1968, and the east half of Unit 5 was logged again in 1983.