The decline in fertility at the beginning of the twentieth century was triggered by improvements in child survival.
Fremigacci's interpretation was challenged by demographer Alfred Sauvy, who suggested the trauma to population growth that would normally be observed by these casualties may have been masked by improvements in malaria survival rates resulting from a major colonial anti-malaria campaign undertaken in the same period.
4 However, this apparent stagnation may in part have been caused by substantial improvements in survival among comorbid patients in the period between 2003 2005.
Targeted therapy in the clinic is capable of delivering clear benefits to patients as evidenced by improvement in overall survival (OS), progression-free survival (PFS), and response rate (RR), among other end points.
Therapy of disseminated disease has focused on chemotherapy, but, with the exception of certain rarer types of tumors, few patients are cured by chemotherapy, and even improvements in survival have been difficult to demonstrate.
It would therefore seem that the increased early toxicities associated with the high-dose therapy are not balanced by improvements in early 5-year survival.
In our view, this disadvantage is balanced by the possibility of tracking recent improvements in survival; moreover the predictions of the hybrid analysis are based on the survival experience in previous study periods, and are thus conservative estimates.
In accordance, AC has been shown to be involved in the decrease of distant metastasis, but the results of a randomized controlled trial (RCT) comparing the treatment outcomes between a CCRT + AC group and a CCRT group and the results of a meta-analysis have not demonstrated any improvements in survival rates by the addition of AC 12, 13.
First, we lacked information on cancer stage at diagnosis, and treatment, which would have enabled us to examine whether improvements in survival were caused by earlier diagnosis and hence more localized disease at diagnosis or by improvements in treatments.
Particular attention is given to the detection of surgically resectable disease as there is now increasing evidence that improvements in survival are achieved by aggressive surgical removal of such recurrences.
