To account for the roughness of the discontinuities, the original theory is extended, by imposing the non linear Barton Bandis shear strength criterion for the discontinuities.
Given that two models [ and ] are nested (which means that one model can be transformed in the other by imposing linear constraints on the parameters), their likelihood ratio (LR) is approximately distributed according to a χ p distribution.
And by imposing a linear constraint, LASSO regression can shrink coefficients to exactly zero, a feature similar to variable selection that is not shared in ridge regression [ 56].
LPmerge generates a consensus map with the minimum absolute error relative to the component maps while preserving the marker order by imposing linear inequality constraints and deleting a minimum number of constraints if a marker order conflict is observed (Endelman and Plomion 2014).
Proportional fairness is assured, i.e., ensures that the rates of different users are proportional, by imposing a set of non-linear constraints.
Stretches imposed during the linear phase quickened relaxation, while shortening movements prolonged the time course.
In the general curvilinear coordinates, displacement fields are obtained by imposing a varying cubic displacement field on a varying linear zig-zag field.
Samples were characterized by imposing a constant oscillatory strain γ(t) = γ0 sin ωt) within the linear viscoelastic regime, and monitoring the complex viscosity, η*, and the complex modulus, G* = G′ + iG″.
The dynamics of genetic modules are represented as a linear-state space equation and the observability of linear time-varying systems is defined by imposing sparse constraints in Kalman filters.
This technique is accomplished by imposing a small, sinusoidal varying force on top of the applied linear force that drives the motion of the indenter.
