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Many primary tumors are characterized by high activity of antioxidant enzymes, which leads to tumor cell resistance to chemotherapy.
They were originally designed to protect neuronal cells in the central nervous system from cell death evoked by high activity of PARP-1 in response to DNA damage caused by brain injury, stroke or inflammation [ 2, 3].
The first group is characterized by high activity of natural reparative processes, so optimization of bone regeneration alone is sufficient to decrease the treatment term and derive a larger volume of newly formed bone tissue.
Gelatin zymography showed enhanced MMP activities as indicated by high activity of both MMP-9 (the top band, 100 kDa) and MMP-2 (the lower band, 70 kDa) in intimal SMCs treated with MG or fructose.
The full DNA damage response (DDR) is suppressed in normal mammalian cells until the stages of telophase/cytokinesis (i.e. the late stages of mitosis, as enriched in our monolayers), by high activity of cyclin-dependent kinase 1 [ 46].
Mutations in the lnk locus were able to rescue the overgrowth phenotype caused by overexpression of InR, but not to suppress the overgrowth promoted by high activity of PI3K, suggesting that Lnk acts between InR and PI3K in the IIS pathway [ 17].
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As they contain very few mitochondria (low CS and 3HAD activities), their capacity to produce ATP from anaerobic metabolism of glucose, glycogen and phosphocreatine stores is high, reflected by high activities of LDH, PFK and CK.
In summary, comparisons between the transcriptomes of flag leaves, glumes and grains indicates that gene expression in glumes is less tissue-specific and might be characterised by higher activity of a lower number of genes.
Recently, using male C57BL/6 mice, Yuan et al. demonstrated that moderate ethanol exposure can provide protection for kidneys against ischemia/reperfusion-induced renal injury by enhancing antioxidant capacity characterized by higher activity of superoxide dismutase, which is a critical enzyme responsible for detoxifying ROS [ 32].
Previous biochemical comparisons between T. goesingense and the closely related non-accumulator A. thaliana, revealed that in T. goesingense constitutively elevated GSH levels, driven by higher activity of the enzyme serine acetyltransferase (SAT), are partly responsible for the elevated Ni tolerance observed in this species [ 19].
Furthermore, it was demonstrated that PHMPs had a significant protective effect against oxidative stress induced by d-galactose in mice, as evident by higher activities of superoxide dismutase, catalase, glutathione peroxidase and level of total antioxidant capacity, as well as lower levels of malondialdehyde in serums and livers compared to the d-galactose-treated group.
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