Here we present the findings from 8 steepslope forested catchments dominated by headwater streams (size range 15 100 ha) in south-eastern Australia where both bedload and suspended load have been measured over multiple years.
In the main Himalayan ranges, areas drained by the headwaters of the major Indus tributaries form a transitional zone where Tibetan cultural features mingle with those of the Indian pahari (hill) region.
"[They] may affect traditional Matsés territory, along the Brazil-Peru border, and isolated indigenous peoples in both countries by polluting headwaters and the River Javari itself," the letter states.
But no desert is rainless, and floodwaters entirely cover the bed of Lake Eyre about twice each century, the waters deriving not only from central Australia but also from the higher-rainfall areas drained by the headwaters of the Georgina, Diamantina, Thomson, Barcoo, and similar rivers.
Stream temperatures decreased during the cold period by 4.5 °C from headwaters to outflow, with groundwater inputs producing areas of local warming.
In the East Coast region in New Zealand, there has been a move towards a more targeted approach that builds on the foundation of the earlier blanket reforestation of headwaters by the NZFS.
Such an enterprise brought France into competition not only with Leopold, on the far bank of the river, but also with Britain, which had laid claim to the lower Nile in Egypt and wanted to protect the headwaters by conquering the upper Nile as well.
Those beliefs are based on sound economics, according to studies by Montana-based Headwaters Economics and the coalition Sportsmen for Responsible Energy Development.
The Integrated Ecological Modeling System IEMSS) forecasts water quality and quantity, habitat suitability for aquatic biota, fish biomasses, population densities, productivities, and contamination by methylmercury across headwater watersheds.
The upper 60% of the catchment has montane headwaters dominated by impermeable metamorphic rocks, steep topography, peaty soils and a sub-arctic climate with over 1400 mm of precipitation.
Pipes prematurely stacked along Sandpiper proposed route in MN in 2014 Photo by Friends of the Headwaters.
