For example, genotype by genotype interactions have been reported between Dengue Virus 1 and Aedes aegypti mosquitoes [ e.g. 43,44].
Responses to lipid supplementation differ between dairy breeds and genetic lines suggesting nutrition by genotype interactions.
It is important to note that despite these medium-by-genotype interactions, there is always a negative correlation between carrying capacity and glucose consumption rate.
Because the worker-provided social environment is heritable, the interaction is also a type of genotype-by-genotype interaction, or epistasis between genomes of developing brood and care-giving workers [14] [16].
At age 15 years, analyses were also stratified by pubertal stage, and the puberty-by-genotype interaction term was fitted to test differences between pubertal and pre-pubertal groups.
Ecological studies routinely show genotype-genotype interactions between insects and their parasites.
Two-way analysis of variance indicated that biomass accumulation of C. paliurus coppices was not only significantly influenced by light intensity, but also significantly by genotype and interactions between these two variables (Table 4).
Furthermore, with the exception of Mdk, expression was also unaffected by genotype and interactions between genotype with age or sex with age.
Thus, the results indicate that phenotypic differences in worker mass between the three studied Temnothorax species are mainly due to direct genetic effects (i.e. brood genotype) and direct-by-indirect genetic interactions (i.e. brood-by-worker genotype interaction).
For the former, our model was set up with specific conditions to facilitate adaptation of worms to host genotype by including interactions between sheep and worm genotypes (i.e. Table 1).
