In the current study, random genetic drift with selection on the different criteria was measured by the variance of gene frequency changes for selectively neutral loci, σ(Δ p SN ), which were simulated on chromosome 5.
Reynolds' distance [53] assumes that there is no mutation, so that gene frequency changes are by genetic drift alone.
Associated with phenotypic changes and breeding practice are gene frequency changes due to genetic selection.
By studying formal models of gene frequency change, population geneticists therefore hope to shed light on the evolutionary process, and to permit the consequences of different evolutionary hypotheses to be explored in a quantitatively precise way.
F-statistics can be obtained by calculating the standardized variance of gene frequency change, after sampling error is taken into consideration.
In this sense, genotype-by-environment interaction is viewed as an evolutionary constraint because is limits the rate of gene frequency change.
Since intraspecific evolution is the process by which gene frequencies change, only a trait exhibiting genetic variation is capable of evolving.
Since it does not calculate Sanghvi's G2, I used Reynolds et al. distance [ 23], which is also based on the assumption that gene frequencies change by genetic drift alone, solely for the calculation of the tree (genetic distance matrix not shown).
Genetic drift is also often referred to as "changes occurring by chance," meaning that the gene or genotype frequency changes that occur are not due to natural selection, but to the vagaries of random sampling.
However, in large populations, the changes in gene frequency from generation to generation tend to be small, while in smaller populations, those shifts may be much larger.
