Because the vast majority of commensal microorganisms belong to bacterial or viral phyla, we sought to systematically investigate the functional reprogramming of monocytes induced by the stimulation of pattern recognition receptors (PRRs) with various bacterial or viral ligands.
These non-specific effects of BCG seem to be mediated by potentiation of adaptive immunity through heterologous effects, as well as epigenetic functional reprogramming of innate immune cells to an enhanced phenotype, a process described as 'trained immunity', which has been shown in vitro, ex vivo, and in animal models.
The functional reprogramming of monocytes, reminiscent of similar NK cell properties, supports the concept of "trained immunity" and may be employed for the design of improved vaccination strategies.
C. albicans and fungal cell wall β-glucans induced functional reprogramming of monocytes, leading to enhanced cytokine production in vivo and in vitro.
Thus, ADEPs cause a complete functional reprogramming of the Clp protease complex.
Furthermore, functional reprogramming of monocytes was also associated with cell shape and cell surface marker modifications.
The functional reprogramming of monocytes was also associated with cell shape, granulocity, and cell surface marker modifications.
Cellular adaption and functional reprogramming under the distinct conditions is tightly controlled by complex signalling cascades.
In summary, we report here a new strategy to obtain integration-free functional porcine neural progenitor cells by direct reprogramming of porcine fetal fibroblasts in vitro.
