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Thus, in these invertebrates, the multiple functions of IIS may be mediated in part by functional diversification of the ligands.
Gene duplication followed by functional diversification of the duplicated genes is a major driver of evolution[1] [4].
The Trw system of Bartonella represents a paradigm for a pathogenesis-related T4SS that evolved rather recently by functional diversification of a laterally acquired bacterial conjugation system (Frank et al., 2005; Nystedt et al., 2008).
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Highlight Post-productivist trends, evident since the late eighties and during the nineties, represented by the functional diversification of rural areas.
A pattern of ancient and lineage-specific gene duplications followed by functional diversification appears to be the norm during the evolution of these methyltransferases.
Gene duplication is a classic mechanism of gene diversification which can be followed by functional diversification processes such as subfunctionalisation, neofunctionalisation and microfunctionalisation [ 25- 27].
Expansion of the subtilase family in plants is also accompanied by functional diversification.
Gene duplication is followed by functional diversification.
Plants have apparently more predisposition than animals to gene duplication followed by functional diversification [ 61, 62].
Altogether, our findings support that the expansion of EGFRs that occurred in the lineages leading to S. mediterranea has been accompanied by a molecular, transcriptional and functional diversification of the different paralogs.
Here, we review our current view and hypothesis on the emergence and the structural and functional diversification of disintegrins by accelerated evolution and the selective loss of disulfide bonds of duplicated genes.
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