One response to this risk has been to empiricize moral considerations by, for example, measuring and aggregating the value preferences of the public about moral tradeoffs such as prioritizing by age or life-saving potential (Mason, Baker & Donaldson 2011; Baker et al. 2008; Menzel et al. 1999; Nord 1999).
These predictive markers need to be universally applicable and detect early myocardial loss by, for example, measuring high-sensitivity cardiac biomarkers [36].
For example, measuring by the European Organization for Research and Treatment of Cancer (EORTC), Quality of Life Questionnaire Core-30 (QLQ C30), global HRQoL assessed before treatment, was found to be a strong predictor of survival in patients with NSCLC and lymph node abnormalities [ 15].
Prior research by Olson, for example, measured abiotic and biotic oxidation rates of ~2 × 10-9 and ~9 × 10-8 mol/m2-s, respectively at a pH close to 2, [24] while a recent study at a similar pH measured the biotic rate to be 7 × 10-10 mol/m2-s [13].
In a recent study released by the Federal Reserve Bank of New York, Dafna Avraham, Patricia Selvaggi and James Vickery found that legal and organizational complexity – for example, measured by total number of corporations within a single global financial institution (think Citigroup or JPMorgan Chase) – has increased greatly in recent years.
Take a look at 'government effectiveness', for example, measured by quality of public services, civil service, policy formulation and implementation, and the credibility of the government's commitment to such policies.
A study by Meeker et al. (2005), for example, measured TCPy in nine repeat urine samples collected from 10 men over 3 months; ICCs ranged from 0.15 to 0.21 before and after adjustment for creatinine or specific gravity, indicating within-subject variability accounted for 79 85% of total variability.
"But this work, along with a lot of other work that we have published over the last few years, shows that at least some of this personal opinion can be predicted by, for example, measures of women's own attractiveness".
"Third Wave Cubism (no touching)," for example, measures 34 by 36 inches — but it is an exception.
Socioeconomic status can be measured either directly (for example, by measuring a person's income, occupation or education) or indirectly (ecologically) by measuring the characteristics of the population of a small area (Liberatos et al, 1988).
Similar tricks apply to measure the mass of galaxies, for example by measuring how fast they rotate.
