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A composite score of executive function was created using the Alice Heim 4 part I and verbal fluency tests by first standardizing the raw scores from each test to z scores (mean = 0; standard deviation (SD), 1) based on the phase 5 mean value and SD; then these z scores were averaged to obtain the executive function score.
An expectancy score is derived by first standardizing the three individual item scores (across the whole sample) and then summing these three standardized scores (Devilly & Borkovec, 2000).
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We first standardize the values by subtracting the mean and divide them by the standard deviation prior to feeding the data into the classifier.
To test correlation of neutrality using different measures, we first standardized the data by calculating the mean neutrality of RNA families because not all sequences are compatible with the structure or neutrality measure.
IMEx partners have adopted a common curation policy that entails the use of the controlled vocabularies and formats first standardized by the Human Proteome Organization (HUPO) Proteomics Standards Initiative - Molecular Interaction (PSI-MI) working group in 2002 [ 49].
All the features were first standardized by subtracting the mean and dividing by the standard deviation in order to prevent biased shrinkage of feature weights.
Intake of each antioxidant nutrient was first standardized by subtracting the mean and dividing by the standard deviation, and then the antioxidant index was created by summing the standardized intake of these four antioxidant nutrients with equal weight [ 28].
Measurements for each test were first standardized by subtracting the mean and dividing the difference by the sample SD.
Each of the variables was first standardized by dividing all values by the corresponding SDs given in Table 5.
Each individual cognitive component was first standardized by mean-centering and scaling to the standard deviation of the scores.
Physical parameters such as pH, agitation, and nutritional parameters, that is, carbon and nitrogen sources, were first standardized by one-variable-at-a-time method.
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