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The FN nanofiber volume was calculated by first applying a mask to the FN nanofibers.

A solution to the problem is obtained by first applying a Corridor Generation Algorithm and then a Line Splitting Algorithm to deal with multiple line construction.

This research demonstrates how exponentially-smoothed, one-step forecasts of Australian Football League (AFL) player performance data are improved by first applying a nonlinear (Tukey) smoother to the raw data.

The performance of the least-squares (LS) CIR estimate can be improved by first applying a CFO synchronization method.

We removed the trend by first applying a cubic spline fit on the data and second subtracting the original data from the fitted values.

The complexity could be reduced further by first applying a sorting algorithm to a linearly scaling property, but that is outside the scope of this work.

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In this work, we do not address fitting on occlusions, by first applying an algorithm for occlusion detection [54].

Following Underwood et al. [27], we calculated the cost of acquiring land for protection by first applying an equation for the regular cost of annual management – originally proposed by Balmford et al. [44] – and then multiplying the values found by the correction factor of 50.6 [44], [44] to estimate the cost of land acquisition in each ecoregion.

The m/z values representing the peaks were filtered by first applying an Anderson-Darling test to assess the distribution of peak areas.

Nicotine has a short half life, meaning that by about 10 hours after first applying a patch, nicotine has reached a steady state.

So here, the retention characteristic of SiNM-based FeFETs was measured by first applying writing gate pulses with a duration of 100 s and amplitude of 10 and -10 V and then recording Ids at Vg = 0 V and Vds = 1 V, respectively, at preset time points.

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